Ebola virus disease (EVD) remains a critical public health concern, particularly in regions of East-Central and West Africa. Recent research has revealed new vital information about how the Ebola virus (EBOV) can potentially spread through the skin, denoting the importance of understanding this transmission route. The study, published in *Science Advances*, was conducted by researchers from the University of Iowa Health Care, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, and Boston University. Their findings suggest that the skin may play role in the person-to-person transmission of the virus.
Transmission Mechanisms of Ebola Virus
EBOV transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. These fluids include saliva, urine, faeces, and semen. The virus can also spread through contaminated clothing and bedding. Recent evidence indicates that infectious EBOV can be present on the skin’s surface, particularly in the later stages of infection.
Research Methodology
The researchers developed a human skin explant model using full-thickness skin biopsies from healthy individuals. This model allowed them to study how EBOV traverses the skin layers. The explants were placed dermal side down in culture media, and the virus was introduced from below. This setup simulated the virus’s journey from the bloodstream to the skin’s surface.
Key Findings of the Study
The study identified multiple cell types within the skin that support EBOV infection. The virus infects cells in the lower dermis and then infiltrates the outer epidermis. Specifically, endothelial, myeloid, and fibroblast cells in the dermis were found to be positive for EBOV. Within three days, the virus reached the epidermis, infecting keratinocytes. This rapid movement indicates a potential pathway for person-to-person transmission via skin contact.
- NPC1: An endosomal protein critical for EBOV entry.
- AXL: A phosphatidylserine receptor essential for EBOV infection.
- Keratinocytes: Unique skin cells that support EBOV replication.
- Myeloid Cells: Immune cells in the dermis that can be infected by EBOV.
- Explants: 3D tissue models used for studying EBOV transmission.
Future Directions in Ebola Research
The study’s findings pave the way for further research into the role of skin in EBOV transmission. Future studies may focus on developing targeted antiviral strategies that consider the skin’s involvement in the infection process. About the cellular dynamics of EBOV infection in the skin could enhance public health responses during outbreaks. The researchers also emphasised the need for more robust models to study EBOV skin infection. This knowledge could improve our understanding of viral load and transmission dynamics, ultimately aiding in the development of effective containment measures.
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